Kidney Stones

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  What causes kidney stones?

1. Dehydration (majority of cases)
2. Medical conditions (gout, hyperparathyroidism, bowel disease, sarcoidosis)
3. Genetic conditions (cystinuria, renal tubular acidosis)
4. Chronic urine infections
5. Obesity and sedentary lifestyle
6. Anatomical abnormalities in the urinary tract causing problems with drainage of urine

Once you have had your first kidney stone, it is estimated that 50% of patients will make more kidney stones in the future. Lifestyle modifications may help you reduce the risk of kidney stones.

What simple measures can I take to reduce this risk?

1. Increase fluid intake to 2-3 litres per day. Aim to keep the colour of your urine to no more than a pale yellow tinge
2. Eat citrus fruits, such as lemon and grapefruit. This can help to increase the concentration of a natural inhibitor for stone formation
3. Moderate calcium intake (800 to 1000mg/day). DO NOT attempt to reduce calcium intake as this can lead to bone resorption and osteoporosis
4. Decrease oxalate rich food such as chocolate, carbonated drinks, nuts, spinach
5. Reduce salt in your diet
6. Healthy diet and exercise

There are various types of kidney stones. If you happen to collect it after having passed one out in your urine, please bring it to your next appointment. Mr Aw will send the kidney stone to the laboratory for analysis, and will give you tailored advice on how you can reduce the risk of more kidney stones in the future.